Yes, the repair would be to desolder (what's left of) the damaged components and then resolder replacements. You would want to verify that the related pads and traces have not been damaged. Remove the damaged components and clean up the mess with isopropyl alcohol. Use the continuity setting on a multimeter to test the pads and traces. Then solder in the new components.
If your resistor isn't blown up, you can verify that it's still working with a multimeter. Just the resistance across it. The reading wont be accurate because it's in circuit, but if you get a reading at all that means it hasn't been blown up. No reading, then it's damaged. There should be a number code on the resistor, you can Google it to see what value it is. Whatever reading you get on your multimeter (again, wont be accurate because it's in circuit) should at least be in the ballpark.
The parts are easy to get from a place like DigiKey or Mouser. They're surface mounted and the package is probably 0805, although I'm just taking a stab in the dark since it's impossible to tell from a pic. You can figure out the package size with a digital caliper. If you don't have one, a cheap one will be worth every penny.
https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Caliper- ... r_1_3?th=1Even if a cheap one doesn't have NASA grade accuracy, it will be more than accurate enough for this kind of thing. I have a couple of more expensive calipers, but I have that exact cheap set linked above that I use often and it's been great.
https://www.digikey.com/en/products/fil ... Nc6ACZMxQAAs for the values, according to the reddit post no values are listed for those components in the known schematics. FB11 I'm guessing is a ferrite bead. Usually fuses are are marked just "F" while "FB" is ferrite bead. That said, I have no idea how to determine the value. Knowing that it's 5v, it may be possible to make an educated guess on what a safe value to get would be. Obviously Sega didn't choose the correct value, perhaps the current rating was too low. But if you choose a FB with too high of a current and resistance rating, that may negatively impact the 5v line.